Early uses of amplified distortion[edit]
The first
amplifiers built for electric guitar were relatively
low-fidelity, and would often produce distortion when their volume (
gain) was increased beyond their design limit or if they sustained minor damage.
[3]
Around 1945 Western-swing guitarist
Junior Barnard began experimenting with a rudimentary humbucker pick-up and a small amplifier to obtain his signature "low-down and dirty" bluesy sound. Many
electric blues guitarists, including
Chicago bluesmen such as
Elmore James and
Buddy Guy, experimented in order to get a guitar sound that paralleled the rawness of
blues singers such as
Muddy Waters and
Howlin' Wolf,
[4] replacing often their originals with the powerful Valco "Chicagoan" pick-ups, originally created for lap-steel, to obtain a louder and fatter tone. In early
rock music,
Goree Carter's "
Rock Awhile" (1949) featured an over-driven electric guitar style similar to that of Chuck Berry several years later,
[5] as well as
Joe Hill Louis' "
Boogie in the Park" (1950).
[6][7]
In the early 1950s, pioneering rock guitarist
Willie Johnson of
Howlin' Wolf′s band began deliberately increasing gain beyond its intended levels to produce "warm" distorted sounds.
[3] Guitar Slim also experimented with distorted overtones, which can be heard in his hit
electric blues song "
The Things That I Used to Do" (1953).
[8] Chuck Berry's 1955 classic "
Maybellene" features a guitar solo with warm
overtones created by his small
valve amplifier.
[9] Pat Hareproduced heavily distorted
power chords on his electric guitar for records such as
James Cotton's "
Cotton Crop Blues" (1954) as well as his own "I'm Gonna Murder My Baby" (1954), creating "a grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound,"
[10] accomplished by turning the volume knob on his amplifier "all the way to the right until the speaker was screaming."
[11]
In the mid-1950s, guitar distortion sounds started to evolves based on sounds created earlier in the decade by accidental damage to amps, such as in the popular early recording of the 1951
Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm song "
Rocket 88", where guitarist Willie Kizart used an amplifier that had been slightly damaged in transport.
[12] Rock guitarists began intentionally "doctoring" amplifiers and speakers in order to emulate this form of distortion.
[13] In 1956, guitarist Paul Burlison of the
Johnny Burnette Trio deliberately dislodged a
vacuum tube in his amplifier to record "
The Train Kept A-Rollin” after a reviewer raved about the sound Burlison's damaged amplifier produced during a live performance. According to other sources Burlison's amp had a partially broken loudspeaker cone. Pop-oriented producers were horrified by that eerie "two-tone" sound, quite clean on trebles but strongly distorted on basses, but Burnette insisted to publish the sessions, arguing that "that guitar sounds like a nice horn section".
[14]
In the late 1950s, Guitarist
Link Wray began intentionally manipulating his amplifiers' vacuum tubes to create a "noisy" and "dirty” sound for his solos after a similarly accidental discovery. Wray also poked holes in his speaker cones with pencils to further distort his tone, used electronic echo chambers (then usually employed by singers), the recent powerful and "fat" Gibson humbucker pickups, and controlled "feedback" (
Larsen effect). The resultant sound can be heard on his highly influential 1958
instrumental, "
Rumble" and Rawhide.
[15]