Among the primary contributors to the growing pollution problem of the Concord River in Lowell were industries located along Hale’s Brook. Also known as River Meadow Brook, this stream drained nearly 24 square miles of mostly farmland, marshy areas, and woodlands in Chelmsford and Carlisle, but in Lowell its two square miles of drainage encompassed a tannery, a small railroad repair shop, several cotton waste and batting mills, and metal fabricating plants. Every day, the Lowell Bleachery discharged millions of gallons of waste “liquors” from washing, bleaching, and dyeing cloth, U.S. Bunting dumped 300,000 gallons of wastewater from scouring wool, washing cloth, and dyeing stock, and U.S. Cartridge released 60,000 gallons of oil-heavy wash water from shell production.
On the river itself, textile production at the Waterhead, Bay State, Belvidere, and Sterling Mills, on Centennial Island, as well as the woolen mills and White Brothers tannery farther down stream, daily generated nearly a million gallons of scouring, washing, dyeing, and curing wastewater as well.
[5] In 1878, the Massachusetts General Court had passed a law prohibiting industrial and municipal discharge of refuse or any “polluting substances” into any stream or public pond in the state, but it bowed to corporate pressure and exempted the Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers as well as the Concord within the city limits of Lowell.